Research Design and Methodology In this assignment, you will complete the third portion of your final research project, which will be due in Unit VII. Based on the

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Research Design and Methodology

In this assignment, you will complete the third portion of your final research project, which will be due in Unit VII. Based on the topic you chose in Unit I, you will describe the research design and methodology you plan to use to complete your research (remember this is a hypothetical research study that you will not conduct). You will include and discuss the type of data you will collect and consider the following questions:

  • Describe the three types of research designs, and explain what method you will use to collect data (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods).
  • Why did you choose this approach?
  • What type of tool (i.e., survey, interview, observation) will you use to collect data?
  • Explain why you will use that type of data collection tool.
  • Explain how you will ensure internal and external validity in your research project.

Submit a one- to two-page paper (page count does not include title and references pages), and include at least three references; two of them must be peer-reviewed articles. Follow APA style to format your paper (Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spacing, etc.). 

2

Public Health Research

Jasmine Fields

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

Dr. Lakina Moseley

February 28, 2023

Vaccine Hesitancy and its Impact on Public Health

I am interested in exploring the topic of vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health. Vaccine hesitancy refers to the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines. This issue has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the urgent need for vaccination to protect individuals and communities from the spread of the virus. Vaccine hesitancy is a complex issue that can arise from a variety of factors, including misinformation, lack of trust in the healthcare system, and cultural or religious beliefs. It can lead to decreased vaccination rates, which in turn can contribute to the resurgence of preventable diseases and other public health threats. Research on vaccine hesitancy is critical in developing effective strategies to address this issue and improve vaccination rates. Studies can help identify the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, as well as the most effective ways to communicate with hesitant individuals and promote vaccine acceptance (Troiano & Nardi, 2021). I believe that understanding the root causes of vaccine hesitancy and finding effective solutions to address it is essential for promoting public health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Through my research, I hope to contribute to the development of evidence-based approaches to increase vaccine acceptance and improve public health outcomes.

Reasons for selecting this topic.

I selected the topic of vaccine hesitancy because it is a pressing issue that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of vaccines in protecting public health has become more apparent than ever before. However, there are still many individuals who are hesitant or resistant to getting vaccinated, which poses a significant challenge to efforts to control the spread of the virus. As a public health professional, I believe it is important to understand the factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy and find ways to address these concerns to promote vaccination and protect public health. Additionally, vaccine hesitancy is a multifaceted issue that intersects with many different aspects of public health and healthcare delivery. It involves issues of trust, access, communication, and cultural beliefs, among others. By studying vaccine hesitancy, I can gain a deeper understanding of how these different factors interact and impact health outcomes. This knowledge can help me become a more effective public health practitioner and contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to improv

2

Public Health Research

Jasmine Fields

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

Dr. Lakina Moseley

March 7, 2023

Vaccine Hesitancy and its Impact on Public Health

Key words

In this perspective, the key words used were “vaccine hesitancy,” “vaccine acceptance,” “anti-vaccination,” “COVID-19,” “social media,” and “public health.” These terms are all related to the topic of vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health. By searching for articles that include these key terms, I was able to find relevant literature that discussed the various aspects of vaccine hesitancy and its implications on public health.

Sources/ Databases

To locate the three scholarly articles related to vaccine hesitancy, I used various sources and databases. Firstly, I searched for relevant keywords such as “vaccine hesitancy,” “public health,” and “COVID-19” on Google Scholar, a comprehensive database of scholarly literature. I also used PubMed, a free search engine that provides access to MEDLINE, a database of biomedical research articles, to find relevant articles. In addition, I utilized the library database of my academic institution, which includes a variety of scholarly resources such as journals, books, and databases. I specifically searched for articles related to vaccine hesitancy and public health in peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, I consulted the references section of each article to identify additional sources and databases that could be relevant. By using a combination of these resources, I was able to locate and access the three scholarly articles related to vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health.

Summary of the three articles

The three scholarly articles on vaccine hesitancy reveal the trends, prospects, and impacts of vaccine hesitancy on public health. Dubé et al. (2021) present an overview of vaccine hesitancy, acceptance, and anti-vaccination movements. The authors observe that vaccine hesitancy is a complex and evolving phenomenon that requires a multifaceted approach to address it. They explore the factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy, including misinformation, mistrust of authorities, and individual and societal factors (Dube et al., 2021). Troiano and Nardi (2021) focus on vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. They discuss the factors that have led to vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic, such as the rapid development of vaccines and the politicization of vaccination campaigns. They argue that vaccine hesitancy is a significant public health concern during the pandemic and that addressing it is critical to achieving herd immunity and ending the pandemic. The authors suggest that tailored interventions should add

2

Ethical Considerations in Research

Jasmine Fields

Columbia Southern University

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

Dr. Lakina Moseley

March 14, 2023

Ethical Considerations in Research

Ethical Issues in Research and How to avoid them.

There are several ethical issues that might occur in my research study. These ethical issues comprise informed consent, respect for privacy, and respect for anonymity and confidentiality, and not doing harm or beneficence. Informed consent is the main ethical issue in conducting research, particularly in the healthcare industry. Informed consent refers to situations where every potential participant in research receives and understands every detail of the information they need to make a decision if they need to take part in the study (Dankar et al., 2019). Informed consent involves providing crucial information concerning the risks and benefits of institutional approval of the study. The main purpose of informed consent is to integrate the rights of autonomous people through self-determination and prevent integrity violations of the patient and safeguard personal liberty. One of the ways of enhancing informed consent is by providing participants with a text for them to read and asking them whether they have any questions. If the participants reach agreement, they may sign the consent form.

The issue of beneficence entails various aspects related to professional mandate to carry out appropriate and important research to effectively work with and enhance the well-being of every participant in the research. Confidentiality requires one to be aware of whom the participants are but eliminates all the identifying data from the report. Every participant in research has a right to privacy; hence their individual data has to be secured as long as they use or store it. Even when information cannot be gathered secretly, they must uphold confidentiality where possible. According to experts, it is at times hard to forecast beneficence when developing a hypothesis, particularly in qualitative research. For instance, if the research findings show that it was not helpful as it is anticipated, this may result in huge ethical considerations, particularly for those working in the healthcare industry.

Ways Ethical Standards Protect Human Subjects in Research Study

There are various ways through which ethical standards will safeguard any human subject who takes part in the research. For instance, the ethical standard of beneficence can prevent participants from different forms of harm, including psychological harm and legal, physical, or social harm. It is important for researchers to consider every source of harm to participants because harm might be in different forms. Social harm refers to certain things like public emba

  Research Design and Methodology In this assignment, you will complete the third portion of your final research project, which will be due in Unit VII. Based on the topic you chose in Unit I, you will describe the research design and methodology you plan to use to complete your research (remember this is a hypothetical research study that you will not conduct). You will include and discuss the type of data you will collect and consider the following questions: Describe the three types of research designs, and explain what method you will use to collect data (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods). Why did you choose this approach? What type of tool (i.e., survey, interview, observation) will you use to collect data? Explain why you will use that type of data collection tool. Explain how you will ensure internal and external validity in your research project. Submit a one- to two-page paper (page count does not include title and references pages), and include at least three references; two of them must be peer-reviewed articles. Follow APA style to format your paper (Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spacing, etc.).  2 Public Health Research Jasmine Fields Columbia Southern University PUH 6301 Public Health Research Dr. Lakina Moseley February 28, 2023 Vaccine Hesitancy and its Impact on Public Health I am interested in exploring the topic of vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health. Vaccine hesitancy refers to the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines. This issue has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the urgent need for vaccination to protect individuals and communities from the spread of the virus. Vaccine hesitancy is a complex issue that can arise from a variety of factors, including misinformation, lack of trust in the healthcare system, and cultural or religious beliefs. It can lead to decreased vaccination rates, which in turn can contribute to the resurgence of preventable diseases and other public health threats. Research on vaccine hesitancy is critical in developing effective strategies to address this issue and improve vaccination rates. Studies can help identify the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, as well as the most effective ways to communicate with hesitant individuals and promote vaccine acceptance (Troiano & Nardi, 2021). I believe that understanding the root causes of vaccine hesitancy and finding effective solutions to address it is essential for promoting public health and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Through my research, I hope to contribute to the development of evidence-based approaches to increase vaccine acceptance and improve public health outcomes. Reasons for selecting this topic. I selected the topic of vaccine hesitancy because it is a pressing issue that has become increasingly relevant in recent years. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of vaccines in protecting public health has become more apparent than ever before. However, there are still many individuals who are hesitant or resistant to getting vaccinated, which poses a significant challenge to efforts to control the spread of the virus. As a public health professional, I believe it is important to understand the factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy and find ways to address these concerns to promote vaccination and protect public health. Additionally, vaccine hesitancy is a multifaceted issue that intersects with many different aspects of public health and healthcare delivery. It involves issues of trust, access, communication, and cultural beliefs, among others. By studying vaccine hesitancy, I can gain a deeper understanding of how these different factors interact and impact health outcomes. This knowledge can help me become a more effective public health practitioner and contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to improv 2 Public Health Research Jasmine Fields Columbia Southern University PUH 6301 Public Health Research Dr. Lakina Moseley March 7, 2023 Vaccine Hesitancy and its Impact on Public Health Key words In this perspective, the key words used were “vaccine hesitancy,” “vaccine acceptance,” “anti-vaccination,” “COVID-19,” “social media,” and “public health.” These terms are all related to the topic of vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health. By searching for articles that include these key terms, I was able to find relevant literature that discussed the various aspects of vaccine hesitancy and its implications on public health. Sources/ Databases To locate the three scholarly articles related to vaccine hesitancy, I used various sources and databases. Firstly, I searched for relevant keywords such as “vaccine hesitancy,” “public health,” and “COVID-19” on Google Scholar, a comprehensive database of scholarly literature. I also used PubMed, a free search engine that provides access to MEDLINE, a database of biomedical research articles, to find relevant articles. In addition, I utilized the library database of my academic institution, which includes a variety of scholarly resources such as journals, books, and databases. I specifically searched for articles related to vaccine hesitancy and public health in peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, I consulted the references section of each article to identify additional sources and databases that could be relevant. By using a combination of these resources, I was able to locate and access the three scholarly articles related to vaccine hesitancy and its impact on public health. Summary of the three articles The three scholarly articles on vaccine hesitancy reveal the trends, prospects, and impacts of vaccine hesitancy on public health. Dubé et al. (2021) present an overview of vaccine hesitancy, acceptance, and anti-vaccination movements. The authors observe that vaccine hesitancy is a complex and evolving phenomenon that requires a multifaceted approach to address it. They explore the factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy, including misinformation, mistrust of authorities, and individual and societal factors (Dube et al., 2021). Troiano and Nardi (2021) focus on vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. They discuss the factors that have led to vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic, such as the rapid development of vaccines and the politicization of vaccination campaigns. They argue that vaccine hesitancy is a significant public health concern during the pandemic and that addressing it is critical to achieving herd immunity and ending the pandemic. The authors suggest that tailored interventions should add 2 Ethical Considerations in Research Jasmine Fields Columbia Southern University PUH 6301 Public Health Research Dr. Lakina Moseley March 14, 2023 Ethical Considerations in Research Ethical Issues in Research and How to avoid them. There are several ethical issues that might occur in my research study. These ethical issues comprise informed consent, respect for privacy, and respect for anonymity and confidentiality, and not doing harm or beneficence. Informed consent is the main ethical issue in conducting research, particularly in the healthcare industry. Informed consent refers to situations where every potential participant in research receives and understands every detail of the information they need to make a decision if they need to take part in the study (Dankar et al., 2019). Informed consent involves providing crucial information concerning the risks and benefits of institutional approval of the study. The main purpose of informed consent is to integrate the rights of autonomous people through self-determination and prevent integrity violations of the patient and safeguard personal liberty. One of the ways of enhancing informed consent is by providing participants with a text for them to read and asking them whether they have any questions. If the participants reach agreement, they may sign the consent form. The issue of beneficence entails various aspects related to professional mandate to carry out appropriate and important research to effectively work with and enhance the well-being of every participant in the research. Confidentiality requires one to be aware of whom the participants are but eliminates all the identifying data from the report. Every participant in research has a right to privacy; hence their individual data has to be secured as long as they use or store it. Even when information cannot be gathered secretly, they must uphold confidentiality where possible. According to experts, it is at times hard to forecast beneficence when developing a hypothesis, particularly in qualitative research. For instance, if the research findings show that it was not helpful as it is anticipated, this may result in huge ethical considerations, particularly for those working in the healthcare industry. Ways Ethical Standards Protect Human Subjects in Research Study There are various ways through which ethical standards will safeguard any human subject who takes part in the research. For instance, the ethical standard of beneficence can prevent participants from different forms of harm, including psychological harm and legal, physical, or social harm. It is important for researchers to consider every source of harm to participants because harm might be in different forms. Social harm refers to certain things like public emba

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