Description
Base on the doc I upload
The annotation should be constructed in the following manner:
Cite the source in APA format. The bibliography should be organized by citations in alphabetical order by author
Summarize the source (using your own words). The summary should (in one to two paragraphs in length):
Identify the topics covered
Outline the main argument
Identify research methods (if applicable)
Identify conclusions (if applicable)
Write the final paragraph. In this paragraph, critique and analyze the source in relationship with your capstone topic and your other sources. You have continued researching your capstone topic during the quarter. Your updated annotated bibliography should include a minimum of two additional sources that will be incorporated into your report1
Comparison
Notably, the aviation industry in the U.S., China, and Europe are significant players in
the global market, each with its unique strengths and challenges. In terms of regulation, the U.S.
has a comprehensive regulatory framework for aviation governed by the Federal Aviation
Administration. In contrast, China has a centralized system controlled by the Civil Aviation
Administration of China. Europe’s aviation industry is regulated by the European Union’s
European Aviation Safety Agency. The size of the aviation market, airline industry structure, air
traffic control systems, and infrastructure development vary between these regions. The U.S. is
the largest market, followed by China and then Europe. Comparing these regions’ aviation
industries highlights their similarities and differences and provides insights into their prospects in
the industry.
Regulations
According to Dobruszkes and Wang (2019), the aviation regulations in China, Europe,
and the U.S. can be compared regarding their impact on developing a low-cost airline in a semiprotected regime. For instance, in the U.S., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has strict
regulations on safety and operational standards, air traffic control and navigation, and airport
security. The “Open Skies” policy promotes competition in the industry, which can benefit the
development of low-cost airlines (Dobruszkes & Wang, 2019). In Europe, the European Aviation
Safety Agency (EASA) sets safety and operational standards for airlines and airports and
coordinates air traffic control and navigation across the European Union (E.U.). The “Single
European Sky” policy aims to create a single, integrated European airspace, which can make it
easier for low-cost airlines to operate. In China, the Civil Aviation Administration of China
(CAAC) regulates the aviation industry, with a focus on safety and operational standards, air
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traffic control, and airport security. The CAAC has implemented policies to promote the growth
and development of the aviation industry, which can provide opportunities for the development
of low-cost airlines (Dobruszkes & Wang, 2019). Therefore, the aviation regulations in the U.S.,
China, and Europe all have advantages and disadvantages for developing low-cost airlines in a
semi-protected regime.
Airspace Use
Also, Rosenow et al. (2021) compared the aviation airspace between China, Europe,
and the U.S. regarding their impact on trajectory optimization. For instance, in the U.S., airspace
is divided into classes, with each class having its rules and regulations regarding altitude, flight
paths, and air traffic control. This structure allows for efficient use of airspace and supports the
growth of the aviation industry. In Europe, the airspace is divided into classes, emphasizing
reducing emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. This results in more stringent regulations and
restrictions on flight paths, which can impact the efficiency of air traffic (Rosenow et al., 2021).
In China, airspace is highly regulated and controlled by the Civil Aviation Administration of
China (CAAC), focusing on ensuring safety and stability in air traffic. However, the restrictions
and constraints imposed by the CAAC can limit the flexibility and efficiency of flight paths,
leading to increased fuel consumption and emissions. Therefore, each country has its unique
approach to managing its airspace, with trade-offs between efficiency, safety, and
environmental considerations. The impact of these differences on trajectory optimization can
vary depending on the specific requirements of a flight.
In terms of airfields, both the US and Europe have a well-developed infrastructure of
airports and air traffic control systems. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operates
a large network of airports and provides a high level of safety and security for air travelers. This
enables airlines to operate freely and efficiently and contributes to the growth of the aviation
industry (Dobruszkes & Wang, 2019). In contrast, China’s airspace is still largely controlled by
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the CAAC, and the country’s airspace is not yet fully open for general aviation. This has led to
limitations on cross-country flights and restricts the growth of the aviation industry in China. The
CAAC also operates a rigorous pilot licensing program, which has not yet been recognized by
the FAA, further limiting the integration of China’s aviation industry with the rest of the world
(Dobruszkes & Wang, 2019). Despite these challenges, China is investing heavily in developing
its aviation infrastructure, including the expansion of its airport network and the upgrade of its air
traffic control systems. This will likely lead to increased access to its airspace and a more
efficient use of the airspace in the future. However, the impact of these changes on the overall
trajectory optimization will depend on the specific requirements of a flight and the regulations
that apply in each situation.
Size of Aviation Market
Paleari et al. (2010) also compared the size of the aviation market between China,
Europe, and the U.S. regarding airport connectivity and the quality of service provided to
passengers. In the U.S., the aviation market is the largest in the world, with a highly developed
network of airports and a well-established airline industry. This has led to high airport
connectivity, with numerous domestic and international flights available to passengers. In
Europe, the aviation market is also well-developed, with a strong network of airports and a
competitive airline industry. However, it is smaller than the U.S. market and has a more
fragmented regulatory environment, which can impact airport connectivity (Paleari et al., 2010).
In China, the aviation market has experienced rapid growth in recent years, with the number of
airports and flights increasing significantly. However, the country still lags behind the U.S. and
Europe regarding its aviation market’s overall size and connectivity. There is room for
improvement in terms of service quality for passengers. Therefore, the size of the aviation
market in each country is shaped by various factors, including the level of investment in
infrastructure, the regulatory environment, and the competitiveness of the airline industry.
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Airline Industry Structure
Also, according to Dobruszkes and Wang (2019), the airline industry structure in the
U.S., China, and Europe is characterized by different levels of protection and competition. For
instance, in the U.S., the airline industry is characterized by low levels of protection and high
levels of competition, with many legacy carriers and low-cost airlines operating in the market.
This has led to a highly competitive environment where airlines must continuously innovate and
improve their services to attract passengers. In Europe, the airline industry is characterized by a
more regulated environment, with some restrictions on the entry of new carriers and a smaller
number of low-cost airlines compared to the U.S. However, the industry is still competitive, with
a mix of legacy carriers and low-cost airlines operating in the market (Dobruzszkes & Wang,
2019). In China, the airline industry is in a period of rapid expansion. It is characterized by a
semi-protected regime, with restrictions on the entry of new carriers and incentives for
developing low-cost airlines. This has created a unique environment for the airline industry’s
growth, with a focus on competition and protection. Thus, each country’s airline industry
structure is shaped by a combination of regulatory and market forces, with the U.S. being the
most competitive, Europe having a more regulated environment, and China having a semiprotected regime.
Air Traffic Control Systems
Comparing air traffic control systems between the U.S., China, and Europe is a complex
matter involving several aspects, such as technology, management, and performance.
According to a study by Campanelli et al. (2016), the U.S. and European air traffic networks
have different approaches to modeling delay propagation. The U.S. air traffic control system
relies heavily on a centralized structure, where a single entity manages air traffic across the
country. On the other hand, the European air traffic control system adopts a decentralized
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approach, where several entities are responsible for managing air traffic in their respective
regions (Campanelli et al., 2016). Regarding technology, the U.S. and Europe have
implemented advanced systems for air traffic control, such as the Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) and the Single European Sky program, which aim to improve
safety, efficiency, and capacity. In China, the air traffic control system is still in modernization,
focusing on upgrading its technology and improving the management structure. Therefore, the
air traffic control systems in the U.S., China, and Europe have their strengths and weaknesses,
and each system has to be evaluated in the context of its specific requirements and challenges.
Infrastructure Development
Lastly, Dobruszkes and Wang (2019), in their study “Developing a low-cost airline in a
semi-protected regime: Comparing China to Europe and the U.S.,” compare the air transport
infrastructure development between China, Europe, and the U.S. The authors find that the U.S.
has a well-developed air transport infrastructure, with many airports and a dense air transport
network. Europe has a similar level of development, although some regions have lower
infrastructure quality and less connectivity. In comparison, China is undergoing rapid
development of its air transport infrastructure, with many new airports being built and
improvements being made to the existing network. However, some regions in China still have
limited air transport infrastructure, particularly in rural and remote areas.
Procedure of Flight
The procedure for Flight in the USA
The flight procedure in the United States is guided by various regulations, procedures,
and guidelines established by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The FAA oversees all
aspects of civil aviation in the country, including flight procedures. For instance, according to
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Peng, Le, and Zhiheng (2021), the design flow of flight procedures in the United States involves
several steps, including identifying flight requirements, selecting appropriate navigation
technology, and developing a flight plan. The FAA also ensures the safety of flight procedures
by implementing several safety protocols, such as those related to Required Navigation
Performance with Authorization Required (RNP-AR). The flight procedure design and safety
protocols are continually monitored and updated by the FAA to ensure the safe and efficient
operation of flights in the United States.
Statements of Benefits
Also, Studying flight in the United States offers several benefits to researchers and
professionals in the aviation industry. Firstly, the United States is home to a well-developed and
extensive aviation network that includes many airports, airlines, and air traffic control systems.
This provides a wealth of data and resources for studying different aspects of flight and its
related fields, such as aviation safety, air traffic management, and flight procedures. Secondly,
the U.S. has a highly regulated aviation industry, with strict rules and guidelines that ensure the
highest safety and efficiency standards. This makes it an ideal case study for researchers
looking to understand how regulations impact flight and the aviation industry. Finally, the U.S. is
home to some of the world’s leading aerospace companies and research institutions, providing
students and professionals with numerous opportunities for hands-on learning and collaboration
with experts in the field. Overall, studying flight in the United States offers a wealth of benefits
and opportunities for researchers and professionals in the aviation industry.
Problems
On the other hand, despite America proving to be an excellent place to learn aviation, it
has also proven to be affected by various challenges. For instance, the aviation industry in the
United States is facing numerous challenges, ranging from capacity constraints at its largest
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airports to ongoing debates over environmental impact. The U.S. air traffic control system also
needs modernization, but progress has been slow due to funding and political issues. In
addition, labor disputes between airlines and employees have resulted in strikes and service
disruptions. The airline industry has faced financial challenges, including rising fuel costs and
intense competition, leading to bankruptcy and consolidation. The industry is heavily regulated,
and changes to regulations and standards can result in significant costs for airlines. Finally,
political uncertainty, such as trade disputes and travel restrictions, can negatively impact the
industry. These issues present ongoing challenges for the U.S. aviation industry.
Capacity Constraints
In understanding the problem of capacity constraints, “Minimum delay or maximum
efficiency? Rising productivity of available capacity at airports: Review of current practice and
future needs” by Cavusoglu and Macário (2021) discusses the issue of capacity constraints as a
problem in the flight aviation industry in the United States. The authors highlight that many of
the largest airports in the country are facing capacity constraints, leading to delays, congestion,
and reduced efficiency. The authors also note that these capacity constraints can negatively
impact the productivity of the entire aviation system and result in increased costs for airlines and
passengers.
In order to address this issue, the authors suggest a need for more efficient use of
existing airport capacity and investment in infrastructure and technology. This could include
implementing new technologies, such as improved air traffic control systems and more efficient
air traffic management practices, as well as developing new airports or expanding existing ones
(Cavusoglu & Macario, 2021). Therefore, the authors argue that addressing capacity constraints
is crucial for the future of the aviation industry in the United States, as it will not only improve
efficiency and reduce costs but also increase the productivity and competitiveness of the entire
aviation system.
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Air Traffic Control Modernization
Air traffic control (ATC) modernization is also considered a significant problem facing the
aviation industry in the United States. For instance, the U.S. air traffic control system is outdated
and needs investment to improve efficiency and reduce delays. Despite the need for
modernization, progress has been slow due to several factors, including funding and political
issues (La Porte, 2019). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is responsible for the
modernization of the U.S. air traffic control system but has faced funding challenges and
political opposition to its modernization efforts. This has resulted in a slow pace of
implementation and a lack of investment in new technologies, such as advanced navigation and
data management systems. The outdated air traffic control system leads to delays, congestion,
and increased safety risks. For example, obsolete technology and infrastructure can increase
the workload for air traffic controllers, leading to increased stress and the potential for mistakes.
Labor Disputes
Labor disputes between airlines and employees, including pilots, flight attendants, and
ground workers, have been a persistent problem in the United States aviation industry. A study
by Bauernschuster, Hener, and Rainer (2017) explored the impact of labor disputes, specifically
public transit strikes, on various factors such as traffic, accidents, air pollution, and health. The
study found that public transit strikes significantly increase traffic congestion as more people
switch to private vehicles for transportation. This leads to increased air pollution. Furthermore,
the study found that increased traffic leads to a higher number of accidents, which can have a
negative impact on public health (Bauernschuster et al., 2017). In the aviation industry, labor
disputes between airlines and their employees can result in strikes and disruptions to service.
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This can significantly impact the industry, including lost revenue and decreased customer
satisfaction. Moreover, the uncertainty and inconvenience caused by labor disputes can
discourage passengers from traveling by air, which can have a long-term impact on the aviation
industry.
Environmental Concerns
Environmental concerns, mainly related to noise pollution and emissions, are significant
problems facing the aviation industry. Basner et al. (2017) reviewed the state of the science on
the impacts of aviation noise and found that exposure to aviation noise can have several
adverse effects on health and well-being. For instance, the study found that exposure to aviation
noise can result in sleep disturbance, increased stress, cardiovascular disease, and decreased
cognitive performance in directly exposed staff (Basner et al., 2017). In addition, exposure to
aviation noise can also result in reduced quality of life and property values in communities near
airports.
The aviation industry also significantly impacts the environment in terms of emissions,
including carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. The emissions from aviation
contribute to climate change, which can have a wide range of negative impacts on the
environment and human health. In response to these environmental concerns, the aviation
industry has been working to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency (Basner et al., 2017).
For example, many airlines have invested in alternative fuels, such as biofuels, and have
implemented practices to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. However, much more must
be done to address the environmental impacts of aviation. Governments and the industry must
work together to find sustainable solutions that balance the economic benefits of aviation with
the need to reduce its environmental impact.
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Safety Regulations
Also, Safety regulations are a significant problem facing the aviation industry in the
United States, as the industry is heavily regulated, and changes to regulations and standards
can result in substantial costs for airlines. A study by Hodgkinson and Johnston (2018) explored
the impact of safety regulations on uncrewed aircraft and drones. For instance, the study found
that the rapid growth of the drone industry has led to new challenges and concerns, including
safety, privacy, and security. The study also noted that the regulatory framework for drones in
the United States is still evolving and that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) faces
challenges in balancing the need for safety with innovation and growth in the drone industry.
In the broader aviation industry, safety regulations significantly impact airlines and their
operations. Airlines must comply with various safety regulations related to aircraft design,
maintenance, and pilot training. The costs of compliance with these regulations can be high,
particularly for smaller airlines, and can limit their ability to compete with larger airlines
(Hodgkinson & Johnston, 2018). In addition, changes to regulations and standards can result in
significant costs for airlines, as they must change their operations and equipment to comply with
the new regulations. This can be a considerable challenge, particularly for smaller airlines,
which may not have the resources to make these changes. Therefore, safety regulations are a
critical problem facing the aviation industry in the United States. The sector must balance the
need for safety with innovation and growth and find ways to minimize the costs and disruptions
associated with changes to regulations and standards.
Political Uncertainty
Lastly, political uncertainty can significantly impact the aviation industry, causing
disruptions and reducing its competitiveness. A study by Davis (2017) explored the relationship
between regulatory complexity and policy uncertainty and their impact on the aviation industry in
the United States. For instance, the study found that regulatory complexity and policy
11
uncertainty can create headwinds for the sector, reducing its ability to innovate and compete. In
particular, the study found that changes in policies and regulations related to trade, immigration,
and security can have a significant impact on the industry, creating uncertainty and increasing
the costs of compliance.
In the United States, political uncertainty has been a major challenge for the aviation
industry in recent years. For example, trade disputes and travel restrictions can have a negative
impact on the industry, reducing the demand for air travel and increasing costs. Additionally,
changes in immigration policies can reduce the supply of workers for the industry, leading to
labor shortages and disruptions (Davis, 2017). Therefore, political uncertainty is a significant
problem for the aviation industry in the United States. The industry must find ways to mitigate
the impacts of uncertainty and reduce the costs of compliance, in order to remain competitive
and achieve long-term sustainability. This may require increased collaboration between the
industry and policymakers, as well as greater transparency and predictability in the regulatory
environment.
Opportunities
Generally, the aviation industry in the United States offers a range of opportunities for
pilots, including growing demand, new markets and technologies, career advancement,
competitive salaries, opportunities for international travel, and a favorable regulatory
environment. Whether you are a new or experienced pilot, there are many opportunities to
advance your career and succeed in this dynamic and growing industry.
Growing Demands for Pilots
According to the study by Gössling and Humpe (2020), the demand for pilots is expected
to grow in the coming years, particularly as the global economy recovers and air travel
increases. This growth in air travel is due to several factors, including increasing globalization,
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urbanization, and economic development. As the demand for air travel continues to grow, there
will be a corresponding increase in demand for pilots. This presents a significant opportunity for
pilots in the United States, as the country is home to one of the largest aviation industries in the
world (Gossling & Humpe, 2020). With a well-established aviation infrastructure, favorable
regulatory environment, and strong aviation safety standards, the United States is wellpositioned to take advantage of this growing demand for pilots. By leveraging these advantages,
pilots in the U.S. can position themselves for long-term success in this dynamic and growing
industry.
Emerging Markets
On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the aviation
industry, including reducing demand for air travel and causing economic uncertainty. However,
once the pandemic subsides and the global economy recovers, the growth of emerging markets
such as Asia and the Middle East could present new opportunities for pilots. These regions are
expected to experience increased demand for air travel as their economies grow, and airlines
may expand their operations and routes to meet this demand. This could create new job
opportunities for pilots, as well as opportunities for international travel and exposure to different
cultures. According to Vinod (2022), airlines in these emerging markets may also offer more
competitive compensation packages, further enhancing the potential benefits of working in this
field.
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References
Basner, M., Clark, C., Hansell, A., Hileman, J. I., Janssen, S., Shepherd, K., & Sparrow, V.
(2017). Aviation noise impacts: state of the science. Noise & health, 19(87), 41.
Bauernschuster, S., Hener, T., & Rainer, H. (2017). When labor disputes bring cities to a
standstill: The impact of public transit strikes on traffic, accidents, air pollution, and
health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(1), 1-37.
Campanelli, B., Fleurquin, P., Arranz, A., Etxebarria, I., Ciruelos, C., Eguíluz, V. M., &
Ramasco, J. J. (2016). Comparing the modeling of delay propagation in the U.S. and
European air traffic networks. Journal of Air Transport Management, 56, 12-18.
Cavusoglu, S. S., & Macário, R. (2021). Minimum delay or maximum efficiency? Rising
productivity of available capacity at airports: Review of current practice and future
needs. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101947.
Davis, S. J. (2017). Regulatory complexity and policy uncertainty: headwinds of our own
making. Becker Friedman Institute for Research in economics working paper, (2723980).
Dobruszkes, F., & Wang, J. (2019). Developing a low-cost airline in a semi-protected regime:
Comparing China to Europe and the U.S. Journal of transport geography, 77, 48-58.
Gössling, S., & Humpe, A. (2020). The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation:
Implications for climate change. Global Environmental Change, 65, 102194.
Hodgkinson, D., & Johnston, R. (2018). Aviation law and drones: Unmanned aircraft and the
future of aviation. Routledge.
La Porte, T. R. (2019). The United States Air Traffic System: Increasing Reliability in the Midst
of Raped Growth 1 (pp. 215-244). Routledge.
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Paleari, S., Redondi, R., & Malighetti, P. (2010). A comparative study of airport connectivity in
China, Europe and U.S.: Which network provides the best service to
passengers?. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation
Review, 46(2), 198-210.
Peng, Z., Le, Y., & Zhiheng, Z. (2021). Design flow and flight safety of RNP-AR Flight
Procedure in civil aviation airport. 2021 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Civil
Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT).
https://doi.org/10.1109/iccasit53235.2021.9633415
Rosenow, J., Chen, G., Fricke, H., Sun, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Impact of Chinese and European
Airspace Constraints on Trajectory Optimization. Aerospace, 8(11), 338.
Vinod, B. (2022). Airline revenue planning and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Tourism
Futures, 8(2), 245-253.
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